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The Holy Roman emperor’s power was chipped away gradually, starting with the in the 11th century, and by the 16th century the empire was so decentralized that it was little more than a loose federation. The empire came to an end in 1806, when abdicated his title as Holy Roman emperor in the face of ’s rise to power. Nature of the empireThe precise term Sacrum Romanum Imperium dates only from 1254, though the term Holy Empire reaches back to 1157, and the term Roman Empire was used from 1034 to denote the lands under ’s rule. The term “Roman emperor” is older, dating from (died 983). This title, however, was not used by Otto II’s predecessors, from (or Charles I) to Otto I, who simply employed the phrase imperator augustus (“august emperor”) without any territorial adjunct.
The first title that Charlemagne is known to have used, immediately after his coronation in 800, is “Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman empire.” This clumsy formula, however, was soon discarded. Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, 10th century; in the treasury of Hofburg palace, Vienna. Erich Lessing/MagnumThese questions about terms reveal some of the problems involved in the nature and early history of the empire. It can be regarded as a political institution, or approached from the point of view of political theory, or treated in the of the history of as the counterpart of a world religion. The history of the empire is also not to be confused or identified with the history of its kingdoms, Germany and, though clearly they are interrelated. The constituent territories retained their identity; the emperors, in addition to the imperial crown, also wore the crowns of their kingdoms.
Finally, whereas none of the earlier emperors from had assumed the imperial title until actually crowned by the in, after none was emperor in this sense, though all laid claim to the imperial dignity as if they had been duly crowned as well as elected. Despite these and others, the empire, at least in the, was by common assent, along with the, the most important institution of western Europe. Theologians, lawyers, popes, ecclesiastics, rulers, rebels like and, literary figures like and, and the practical men, members of the high nobility, on whom the emperors relied for support, all saw the empire in a different light and had their own ideas of its origin, function, and justification. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.It is also important to distinguish between the universalist and localist of the empire, which have been the source of considerable controversy among historians. According to the former, the empire was a universal monarchy, a “commonwealth of the whole world, whose unity every minor distinction”; and the emperor “was entitled to the obedience of Christendom.” According to the latter, the emperor had no ambition for universal dominion; his policy was limited in the same way as that of every other ruler, and when he made more far-reaching claims his object was normally to ward off the attacks either of the pope or of the emperor.
According to this view, also, the origin of the empire is to be explained by specific local circumstances rather than by far-flung theories.
Fieri solitum ut fetialis hastam ferratam aut praeustam sanguineam ad fines eorum ferret et non minus tribus puberibus praesentibus diceret: 'Quod populi Priscorum Latinorum hominesque Prisci Latini adversus populum Romanum Quiritium fecerunt deliquerunt, quod populus Romanus Quiritium bellum cum Priscis Latinis iussit esse senatusque populi Romani Quiritium censuit consensit consciuit ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret, ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis Priscorum Latinorum hominibusque Priscis Latinis bellum indico facioque.' Id ubi dixisset, hastam in fines eorum emittebat. Hoc tum modo ab Latinis repetitae res ac bellum indictum, moremque eum posteri acceperunt.